Saturday 23 April 2011

history of flight

Around 400 BC - China
The discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans thinking about flying. Kites were used by the Chinese in religious ceremonies. They built many colorful kites for fun, also. More sophisticated kites were used to test weather conditions. Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders.
Humans try to fly like birds

For many centuries, humans have tried to fly just like the birds. Wings made of feathers or light weight wood have been attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like a birds and can not move with the strength of a bird.
Hero and the Aeolipile
Drawing of Aeolipile Created by Hero
Aeolipile
The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotary motion.
Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate.
1485 Leonardo da Vinci - The Ornithopter
Leonardo da Vinci's Ornithopter
Leonardo da Vinci's Ornithopter
Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480's. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight.
The Ornithopter flying machine was never actually created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept.
1783 - Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier- the First Hot Air Balloon

Colorful Picture of One of Montgolfier's Hot Ari Balloons
One of The Montgolfier's Balloons
The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air.
In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than 1 mile.
After this first success, the brothers began to send men up in balloons. The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent.
1799 - 1850's - George Cayley
A picture of a Glider by George Cayley
One Version of a Glider
George Cayley worked to discover a way that man could fly. He designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control. A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of his gliders.
Over 50 years he made improvements to the gliders. He changed the shape of the wings so that the air would flow over the wings correctly. He designed a tail for the gliders to help with the stability. He tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider. He also recognized that there would be a need for power if the flight was to be in the air for a long time.
Drawing of a Cayley glider with a tail
One of the many drawings of gliders
Cayley wrote On Ariel Navigation which shows that a fixed-wing aircraft with a power system for propulsion and a tail to assist in the control of the airplane would be the best way to allow man to fly.

19th And 20th Century Efforts

1891 Otto Lilienthal

One of the many designs for a Glider by Otto Lilienthal
One of Lilienthal's Gliders
German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, studied aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. He was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances.
He was fascinated by the idea of flight. Based on his studies of birds and how they fly, he wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in 1889 and this text was used by the Wright Brothers as the basis for their designs.
After more than 2500 flights, he was killed when he lost control because of a sudden strong wind and crashed into the ground.
Picture of Lilienthal's glider in flight.
Lilienthal's Glider in Flight
1891 Samuel P. Langley
A drawing of the Langley Aerodrome
Langley's Aerodrome

Samuel Langley was an astronomer, who realized that power was needed to help man fly. He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome, that included a steam-powered engine. In 1891, his model flew for 3/4s of a mile before running out of fuel.
Langley received a $50,000 grant to build a full sized aerodrome. It was too heavy to fly and it crashed. He was very disappointed. He gave up trying to fly. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider. He was also well known as the director of the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC

Picture of Langley Aerodrome.
Model of Langley Aerodrome
1894 Octave Chanute
Octave Chanute published Progress in Flying Machines in 1894. It gathered and analyzed all the technical knowledge that he could find about aviation accomplishments. It included all of the world's aviation pioneers. The Wright Brothers used this book as a basis for much of their experiments. Chanute was also in contact with the Wright Brothers and often commented on their technical progress.

1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright and the First Flight

Orville and Wilbur Wright were very deliberate in their quest for flight. First, they spent many years learning about all the early developments of flight. They completed detailed research of what other early inventors had done. They read all the literature that was published up to that time. Then, they began to test the early theories with balloons and kites. They learned about how the wind would help with the flight and how it could affect the surfaces once up in the air.
A model of one of the Gliders designed by the Wright Brothers
A Model of a Wright Brothers Glider (1900)
The next step was to test the shapes of gliders much like George Cayley did when he was testing the many different shapes that would fly. They spent much time testing and learning about how gliders could be controlled.

Picture of the Wright Brothers first engine.
Picture of the actual 12 horsepower engine used in flight
They designed and used a wind tunnel to test the shapes of the wings and the tails of the gliders. After they found a glider shape that consistently would fly in the tests in the North Carolina Outer Banks dunes, then they turned their attention to how to create a propulsion system that would create the lift needed to fly.
The early engine that they used generated almost 12 horsepower.

A drawing of the Wright Brother's Flyer
The Wright Brother's Flyer

The "Flyer" lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, at 10:35 a.m., on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the plane which weighed six hundred and five pounds.



Picture of the first flight at Kitty Hawk
Actual Flight of The Flyer at Kitty Hawk

The first heavier-than-air flight traveled one hundred twenty feet in twelve seconds. The two brothers took turns during the test flights. It was Orville's turn to test the plane, so he is the brother that is credited with the first flight.

Humankind was now able to fly! During the next century, many new airplanes and engines were developed to help transport people, luggage, cargo, military personnel and weapons. The 20th century's advances were all based on this first flight at Kitty Hawk by the American Brothers from Ohio.

HISTORY OF AIRPLANE

To say simply that the Wright brothers invented the airplane would be disrespectful to the long years of scientific research and hard work put in by Orville and Wilbur Wright. Their story reads like the proverbial American dream where two honest, hardworking men, armed with nothing but their intelligence and determination made one of the most significant discoveries of the twentieth century.
Wilbur and Orville were born to Milton and Susan Wright. It was their father who initiated and encouraged the brothers’ interest in airplanes. In 1878 Milton Wright returned from a work related trip with a rubber band powered helicopter. The Wright brothers even at a young age immediately studied the model helicopter and started building replicas.
Around 1896, when the Wright brothers were successfully managing their bicycle company, the newspapers started carrying many stories about the invention of gliders and inventors who were trying to fly. This triggered the imagination of both brothers. They noticed that all the aircrafts developed till then lacked controls.
To start their venture, Wilbur wrote a letter to the Smithsonian Institution requesting for all the information on flight experiments that they had. Subsequently, in 1899 the brothers developed a simple system to warp the wings of a biplane. Warping meant that the plane could be controlled and rolled left or right as required. They tested this system on a series of gliders they developed. 
The Wright brothers used Kitty Hawk, North Carolina to test the various models they built. They launched two gliders in 1900 and 1901 but were disappointed with the performance due to lack of lift and control. The brothers went back to the drawing board and spent the winter of 1901-1902 designing a wind tunnel and conducting experiments to figure out the best wing shape. This allowed them to build a glider with plenty of lift. Towards the end of 1902 they launched their third glider with roll, pitch and yaw controls.
The next winter was spent in designing a gasoline engine small and powerful enough to propel an aircraft. Their mechanic Charlie Taylor was a great help in designing the engine. They also designed the first ever airplane propellers and finally built a new, powered aircraft. 
However, the road to success was not so easy. They suddenly found themselves competing with Samuel Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He had also built a powered aircraft and had investment funding to help his ventures. Luckily for the Wright brothers, Langley’s two attempts at launching his airplane failed miserably and put him out of competition.

Other problems were not quite so easily resolved. The weather misbehaved and there was nothing much they could do about it. Something in their control however, was the propeller. The propeller shafts broke on the first attempt and the drive sprockets were too loose on the second try. On the third try one of the propeller shafts cracked. Orville finally resolved the problem by using spring steel to make a new set of shafts. The aircraft was ready and they called it the Flyer.
After two unsuccessful attempts, the Wright brothers made aeronautical history on December 17th, 1903. Orville Wright took the Flyer for a 12 second sustained flight covering 120 feet. In the next few hours the brothers made 4 flights the longest of which was 852 feet.

crash



                                        airbus A320 crash because of birds which got in to both engine
                                      DC10 hijack by 19 person and crash to the tallest building in U.S.A
                                           air France the fastest airplane get fire while it was taking off

                                           British Airway which suddenly lose power because of the cold weather and all the pipe which were connected from fuel tank to both engine were freeze

                                            strange airplane
                                                  strange airplane


                                                British airway crash
                                           air India which suddenly disappear and has been found after 2 day's in jungle
                                          Boeing 747 crash because of the bird which again gone to the 4 engine
Turkish airline 737_800 which crash because of the air speed low and  there were 3 pilot in that airplan which one of them was his first time flying non of  pilot them realize that the plane was going so slowly   

                                                                     strange airplane

                                                                   strange airplane


                                                         airbus A320 crash in U-S-A

                                                                 airbus A340 engine


                                                  china airline Boeing 747 crash again because of birds
                                      Boeing 747  which was crash because of the break speed
     airbus A320 crash while it was taking off the right engine stoped working and the plane lose it's control
                                   airbus A320 landed in water because of the birds which got in to the both engine

                                                                 British airway crash
                                                                 British airway crash

   US air force  crash which was carrying baby in the war and door at the back side of airplane had taken off

                                                  airplane which cut in to half in the sky

                                                                      strange airplane

                                                             DC10 strange airplane
                                                     British airway crash in to the airport
                                                  British airway crash in to the airport
                                               Boeing  737_800 crash because of the air speed low







                                                         American airline DC10 crash